The role of the National Judge in the European Judicial System and the Procedures of the CJEU

The judges of domestic courts are at the same time European judges. They not only apply domestic law but also EU law. However, the final word on the interpretation of EU law lies with the Court of Justice of the European Union. It cooperates with domestic courts in the framework of the preliminary ruling procedure. An additional source for the interpretation of EU law can be found in judgments delivered as a result of infringement procedures, in particular in the field of the environment.

Preliminary reference procedure in context: Invoking non-compliance with the IED
Dr Matthias Keller

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