Enforcement of Environmental Law: New Tendencies in Access to Justice

The e-presentation focuses on enforcement of environmental law with particular attention to trends in access to justice. It provides insights on the Aarhus Convention and its Implementing Regulation, as well as on the four major rulings on access to justice taken in 2015: C-137/14 Commission v. Germany, C-71/14 East Sussex C.C. v. Information Commissioner, C-570/13 Gruber, and C-404/12 and C-405/12 P, Council and Commission v Stichting Natuur en Milieu and Pesticide Action Network Europe.

Darren Abrahams

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Question 1 of 3

Question 1: Under Art 4(2) of the Information Society Directive (Directive 2009/29) , the distribution right shall not be exhausted:

within the Community in respect of the original or copies of the work, except where the first sale or other transfer of ownership in the Community of that object is made by the right holder or with his consent.

at international level in respect of the original or copies of the work, except where the first sale or other transfer of ownership of that object is made by the right holder or with his consent.

within the Community in respect of the original of the work, except where the first sale or other transfer of ownership in the Community of that object is made by the right holder and without his consent.

Question 2 of 3

Question 2: According to the Information Society Directive, exhaustion of the distribution right applies:

to the intangible object of a protected work.

to the tangible object of a protected work.

to both intangible and tangible object of a protected work.

Question 3 of 3

Question 3: In order to avoid infringement of reproduction right, the original acquirer reselling copy of a computer program:

must make own copy unusable.

must make own copy usable for a limited time period.

must save a copy of the work.