Chapters

• European waters and its pollution:a political, scientific and technical introduction
• Acknowledgement
• Waters, what are we dealing with?
• The water cycle
• Why protecting waters?
• Threats to water and aquatic ecosystems
• Pollutions
• Waters are most often the ultimate receptor of pollutions
• Pollution in European freshwaters
• Pollution in European coastal waters
• Improvement of organic pollution: improvement of wastewater treatment
• EU integration can trigger improvements on aquatic environment
• Emissions of nitrogen by agriculture
• Nitrates: one directive, different trends
• Industrial pollution is decreasing
• Emerging pollutants (1/2)
• Emerging pollutants (2/2)
• Alterations of hydro-morphology
• Examples of hydro-morphologic alterations: river doorsteps
• Examples of hydro-morphologic alterations: rectified water bed
• Examples of hydro-morphologic alterations: stabilized banks
• Important hydro-morphologic elements: Riparian corridors
• Diversity of water speed: Rifles and pools
• Width of rivers: habitat for species and flood plains
• Hydromorphological pressure on fresh and coastal waters in Europe
• Water use by agriculture high in southern countries
• The use of water by humans
• Synthesis of water pressures in Europe
• Are European waters in good health?
• Groundwater scarcity
• Poor quality of groundwaters
• Nitrates in European waters
• Freshwaters good ecological status objective far from being reached
• Habitat and species are rarely in favourable situation
• Coastal and transitional waters also far from the 2015 objective
• Marine waters: few reports and bad status with regard to the MSFD
• River flooding risk in urban areas by the end of XXIst century
• Drought in the future
• Ways to protect waters
• Waters belong to a global set of interactions
• General conclusions