Chapters

• Investigating and Prosecuting Wildlife Crime
• Why might this be crime and not illicit trade?
• Risk-assessment and profiling
• Searching for indicators of Organized Crime involvement
• What is Organized Crime?
• CITES Tiger Technical Missions Team report, 1999
• UN Security Council Briefing on Emerging Challenges to International Peace and Security
• Indicators of Organized Crime
• Indicators of Organized Crime cont.
• Organized structure to poaching; use of gangs, supply of vehicles, weapons and ammunition (1/2)
• Organized structure to poaching; use of gangs, supply of vehicles, weapons and ammunition (2/2)
• Exploitation of local communities
• Provision of high-quality lawyers and payment of financial penalties
• Corruption of law enforcement personnel
• ‘Inviolability’ displayed by those involved
• Sophistication of smuggling techniques
• Example 1
• Example 2
• Example 3
• Example 4
• Example 5
• Example 6
• Example 7
• Example 8
• Example 9
• Example 10
• Example 11
• Example 12
• Fraud – Abuse of CITES Documents
• CITES PERMIT
• Payments to organized crime groups
• Huge profits and money-laundering
• What do we need?
• Forensic science
• Forensic science cont.
• Controlled deliveries…
• Why use Controlled Deliveries?
• Points to bear in mind…
• Where to get more guidance…
• Using criminal, not wildlife, law
• How might a poaching conspiracy occur?
• A live animal conspiracy example…
• Timber-related conspiracy…
• The international element…
• Demonstrating Mens rea
• The relevance for judges…
• Sources of expertise and assistance – global level
• Remember – it is not all bad news